Mcgregors 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, had a profound influence on education practices. He was a strong supporter of theories x and y, and he put theory y that people want to work, achieve and take responsibility into practice in a californian electronics factory. Both of these theories begin with the premise that managements role is to assemble the factors of production, including people. In this essay i will elaborate more on the douglas mcgregor s theory x and y as well as how the theory has added value in the methods of the management that managers today use to reach organizational goals. Most managers will likely use a mixture of theory x and theory y. Mcgregors ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. You might, for instance, have a tendency to micromanage or, conversely, you may prefer to take a more handsoff approach. Social psychologist mcgregors theoryx and theoryyof mit expounded two contrasting theories on human motivation and management in the 1960s. The theory x and theory y are the theories of motivation given by douglas mcgregor in 1960s. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi. Given the drawbacks of theoryx, mcgregor developed an alternative theory of human behavior called theoryy. Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop. Theory x and theory y was an idea devised by douglas.
Theory x and y were created and developed by douglas mcgregor in the 1960s. In addition, managers who tend to utilize mcgregors theory x generally receive poor results from their employees. The first being theory y mangers and theory x managers waddell, jones, george 2010, p. Mcgregor maintained that there two fundamental approaches to managing people. He is best known for his development of the theory x and theory y, a leadership theory on two different leadership styles biography douglas mcgregor. Apr 07, 2017 mcgregor s theory x and theory y from wiki theory x in this theory, management assumes employees are inherently lazy, dislike work, and will avoid it if they can. Theory x and theory y describe two views of people at work and may be used to describe two opposing management styles. It was in 1957 that douglas mcgregor first proposed the concept of theory x and theory y in the human side of enterprise, yet still today his ideas continue to be misunderstood and misused. Dogan unlucan mcgregor theories x and theory y student. Dec 10, 2018 douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 was a famous management professor in the field of personal development and motivational theory. As you would expect, theory y sees motivation in the opposite manner of theory x. Both of these theories begin with the premise that managements role is to. Evaluating mcgregors theory as an approach to management.
Even today in 20, only a few companies are truly adopting theory y assumptions, but it is a start and hopefully a start towards a more human workplace. Douglas mcgregor proposed two theories for employee motivation. Mcgregors theoryx and theoryy what is human resource. Douglas mcgregor is the one who constructed theory x and y in the 1960s.
Xy theory questionnaire score the statements 5 always, 4 mostly, 3 often, 2 occasionally, 1 rarely, 0 never to indicate whether the situation and management style is x or y. According to mcgregor, the function of motivating people involves certain assumptions about human nature. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave. Mcgregors theory x and y douglas mcgregor wrote the book the human side of enterprise in 1960 he examined individuals behaviour at work. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave character of the manager or worker corresponding to the. Gregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. Under this theory, the employees are highly selfmotivated, and they need little encouragement from upper management to deliver quality results on a day to day basis. Douglas mcgregor 1960, 1966 classified managers attitudes or belief system, which he called assumptions, as theory x and y. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y biography of douglas mcgregor douglas mcgregor was born on 1906 in detroit, america. How is the self fulfilling prophecy related to mcgregor s. Quotes about douglas mcgregor douglas mcgregor coined the two terms theory x and theory y and used them to label two sets of beliefs a manager might hold about the origins of human behaviour.
As per theory x, it has been inferred that people do not like taking responsibilities and avoids it to the extent possible. Mcgregors xy theory is a natural rule for managing people. Hereafter, we refer to mcgregors theorizing as theory xy. X and consider using the techniques suggested by theory y. He is best known for his development of the theory x and theory y, a leadership theory on two different leadership styles.
He contributed much to the development of management and motivational theory. Theory x and theory y framework proposed by mcgregor in his classic book the human side of enterprise 1960 consists of two alternative set of assumptions. The three prior studies that have made this distinction were recently conducted solely to develop constructvalid measures of both. These theories focus on the qualities distinguished between leaders and employees, while other leadership theories looked at aspects like situations and skills.
Mcgregor promoted theory y as the basis of good management practice, pioneering the argument that workers are not merely cogs in the company machinery, as theory xtype organizations seemed to believe. Professor douglas mcgregor highlighted that there is a significant relationship between motivation and leadership among people. Theory x and theory y describe two very different attitudes toward workforce motivation. It is important to note that both theory x and theory y are based on the argument that there are specific approaches to managing people based on their traits. Theory x and theory y in 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. He summarized the findings of the hawthorn experiment by introducing both theory x and theory y. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit sloan school of management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s. Otokiti 2000 mcgregor s theory x and y remains central to organisational development and to improving organisational culture. Categorized under business, management, psychology differences between theory x and theory y. Jul 08, 2017 theory x assumes that an employee dislikes work, while theory y presupposes that work is natural for employees. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y essay 847 words 4 pages. The idea behind using letters x and y, perhaps seems to be using a neutral terminology, which does not convey any sense of badness or goodness associated with these theories. Control, achievement and continuous improvement achieved by enabling, empowering and giving responsibility. Features of mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation.
The points given below are substantial, so far as the difference between theory x and theory y is concerned. Hereafter, we refer to mcgregor s theorizing as theory x y. Theory x and y created by mcgregor has been a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management style and techniques. My boss asks me politely to do things, gives me reasons why, and invites my suggestions. Theory x and theory y in his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor proposed two theories by which to view employee motivation. Douglas mcgregor theory x theory y pdf download oikos. First, there has been a failure to distinguish between theory xy attitudes and theory xy behaviors. Mcgregors theory x and theory y theory of motivation. Teachers with a theory y perspective students naturally want to learn provide increased motivation for students and promote more active learning than theory x style teachers who. In the 1960s, douglas murray mcgregor, a famous mit professor of management wrote a book named the human side of enterprise in which he analyzed the various behaviors of professionals at work. Pdf application of mcgregors theory x and theory y.
Analysis of douglas mcgregor s theory x and theory y and. Differences between theory x and theory y difference between. Douglas mcgregor, through his wellknown theory x and theory y, drew a distinction between the assumptions about human motivation which underlie these two approaches, to this effect. The outcomes of positive outlook at mankind in organizations let people participate in decisionmaking process, encouraging communication for improvement. Theory x and theory y, introduced in the book and are known for management and human. Prepared for the sloan school 50th anniversary session on october 11 2002. Theory x management style is the management style for this theory needs to be strict and controlling. Mcgregor s x y theory remains a valid basic principle from which to. There are harsh punishments for employees who break the rules and there are rewards for employees that go above their responsibilities. Theory x percieves employees to be lazy, irresponsible and untrustworthy, while according to theory y employees are approached as one of the most valuable assets of the company. Oct 21, 2017 mcgregor s theory of motivation presentation by anisur rehman theory x theory y marketing lecture series marketing lecture in hindi marketing lecture in hindienglish marketing lecture marketing. Douglas mcgregor has developed two sets of assumptions about human behaviour. Essentially theory x and theory y describe two opposing views of people at work that will influence management style.
Theory x and theory y team management training from. His theories are theory x and theory y theory x assumes that the average person. Mcgregors x y theory remains a valid basic principle from which to. Mcgregors theory x and theory y from wiki theory x in this theory, management assumes employees are inherently lazy, dislike work, and will avoid it if they can.
He is best known for his theory x and theory y, which splits corporate thinking into two camps. Theory x says that the average human being is lazy and selfcentred, lacks ambition, dislikes change, and longs to be told what to do. Mcgregor s theory x and y is a salutary and simple remainder of the natural rules for managing people, which under the pressure of daytoday business are all too easily forgotten. Difference between theory x and theory y with comparison. The average human being has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if they can. Theory y maintains that human beings are active rather than passive shapers of. The human side of enterprise douglas mcgregor classic. Mcgregors work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of abraham maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs. Employees can view work as being as natural as rest or play.
Theory x the theory leads to mistrust, highly restrictive supervision, a punitive atmosphere, threat and coercion to gain employees compliance theory x managers feel the sole purpose of the employees interest in the job is money they will blame the person, without questioning whether it. Theory x is propounded by mcgregor, which indicates a set of assumptions, that an average worker is motivated to satisfy their own needs and not to contribute to the fulfilment of organisational goals. Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management. Theory into practice abraham maslow viewed mcgregor as a mentor. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management. Motivation, theory x and y, classroom, management manager and organisation introduction douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous theory x and y in his book the human side of enterprise in 1960. Motivation theory x and theory y free management books. The human side of enterprise consists of 3 parts and is in total about 250 pages. There are two alternative sets of assumptions which mcgregor has. Managers with theory x attitudes hold that subordinates dislike work, avoid work if they can, and show little ambition. Mar 21, 20 theory x and theory y framework proposed by mcgregor in his classic book the human side of enterprise 1960 consists of two alternative set of assumptions. Toward a constructvalid measure article pdf available in journal of managerial issues 202. In 1895, it was here that his grandfather, thomas mcgregor started his business and given its name as, mcgregor institute.
Mcgregors theory of motivation presentation by anisur rehman theory x theory y marketing lecture series marketing lecture in hindi marketing lecture in hindienglish marketing lecture marketing. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y february 5, 2016 by umar farooq aside from maslows hierarchy of needs, there are so many other theories of needs that determine certain specific needs of an individual, which may offer a satisfaction associated with the work motivation. The first part introduces the concepts of theory x and theory y. Theory y management style is suited to knowledge work and professional services. He avoided descriptive labels and simply called the theories theory x and theory y. Application theory x management style is widely accepted as inferior to others, it has its place in large scale production operation and unskilled production line work. Application of theory x and y in classroom management by. Theory x says that employees are unambitious, whereas the employees are highly ambitious says theory y. Mcgregors theory x and theory y introduction human beings have been studied systematically and objectively for many years to determine if they are resistant to work or selfgoverning. Douglas mcgregor has developed a theory of motivation of the basis of hypotheses relating to human behaviour. Theory x and theory y were developed in the 1960s and describe two different, almost opposite, attitudes to motivation in the workplace. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi theory x an authoritarian style of management the average worker dislikes work.
In his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor proposed two theories by which to view employee motivation. Theory x of motivation is based on the following assumptions. Given the drawbacks of theory x, mcgregor developed an alternative theory of human behavior called theory y. Mcgregors theory x and y is a salutary and simple remainder of the natural rules for managing people, which under the pressure of daytoday business are all too easily forgotten. Mcgregors theory x and theory y the idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. Douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 was a lecturer at harvard university and became the first sloan fellows professor at mit. Therefore most people must be motivated by forcedbribed with the threat of punishment or a reward to produce effort and work towards organizational objectives. You may, however, find that you naturally favor one over the other. Theory y principles to encourage knowledge sharing and continuous improvement.
These theories are based on the premise that management has to assemble all the factors of production, including human beings, to get the work done. Theory x and theory y, introduced in the book and are known for management and human motivation. People will exercise selfdirection and selfcontrol if they are committed to the objectives. There are two alternative sets of assumptions which mcgregor has described as theory x and theory y. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. These theories are based on human behaviour in management. This paper will focus on leadership styles contingency model, douglas mcgregors theory x, and theory y and robert houses leaderships based on traits and pathgoal leadership theory.
In 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. Many managers tend towards theory x, and generally get poor. Douglas mcgregor s theory x and theory y as a basis for understanding and improving motivation in the business world can be directly applied to the science classroom. Mcgregors theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor. The theories attempt to show how a managers perception of his team affects the behaviour of the manager and how they treat their team. Gregor views theory y to be more valid and reasonable than theory x. From this he formulated two models of management based on hierarchy into lowerorder needs theory x and higherorder needs theory y. Douglas mcgregor wrote about theory x and theory y in the late 1950s and early 1960s. His theory x and theory y was detailed in the human side of enterprise, published in 1960. He referred to these opposing motivational methods as theory x and theory y management. In 1957, an american social psychologist named douglas mcgregor proposed his famous theory x and theory y in his.